Home  ›  Born Again a Novel of Jerusalems Restoration Issn

Born Again a Novel of Jerusalems Restoration Issn

Written By Martes, Abril 5, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Figure in early Jewish history

Ezra (; Hebrew: עֶזְרָא, ʿEzrāʾ ;[1] fl. 480–440 BCE), too called Ezra the Scribe (עֶזְרָא הַסּוֹפֵר‎, ʿEzrāʾ hasSōfēr ) and Ezra the Priest in the Volume of Ezra, was a Jewish scribe (sofer) and priest (kohen). In Greco-Latin Ezra is called Esdras (Greek: Ἔσδρας ). According to the Hebrew Bible he was a descendant of Sraya,[2] the last High Priest to serve in the First Temple,[3] and a close relative of Joshua, the offset High Priest of the 2nd Temple.[4] He returned from Babylonian exile and reintroduced the Torah in Jerusalem.[5] Co-ordinate to one Esdras, a Greek translation of the Book of Ezra all the same in use in Eastern Orthodoxy, he was likewise a Loftier Priest. Rabbinic tradition holds that he was an ordinary member of the priesthood.[six]

Several traditions have developed over his place of burying. 1 tradition says that he is cached in al-Uzayr most Basra (Iraq), while another tradition alleges that he is cached in Tadif near Aleppo, in northern Syria.[vii]

His proper name may be an abbreviation of עזריהו‎ Azaryahu , "Yah helps". In the Greek Septuagint the proper name is rendered Ésdrās ( Ἔσδρας ), from which the Latin name Esdras comes.

The Book of Ezra describes how he led a group of Judean exiles living in Babylon to their habitation city of Jerusalem[eight] where he is said to take enforced observance of the Torah. He was described equally exhorting the Israelite people to be sure to follow the Torah Police and then as non to intermarry with people of item different religions, a set of commandments described in the Pentateuch.[9] [10]

Ezra, known as "Ezra the scribe" in Chazalic literature,[eleven] is a highly respected figure in Judaism.[12]

In the Hebrew Bible [edit]

The canonical Book of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah are the oldest sources for the activity of Ezra,[10] whereas many of the other books ascribed to Ezra (Beginning Esdras, iii–half-dozen Ezra) are later literary works dependent on the canonical books of Ezra and Nehemiah.

The volume of Ezra–Nehemiah was e'er written every bit ane scroll.[xiii] In late medieval Christian bibles, the unmarried book was divided in two, every bit Outset and Second Ezra; and this division became Jewish practice in the commencement printed Hebrew bibles.[14] Modern Hebrew Bibles phone call the two books Ezra and Nehemiah, every bit practise other modernistic Bible translations. A few parts of the Volume of Ezra (iv:8 to vi:eighteen and vii:12–26) were written in Aramaic, and the bulk in Hebrew, Ezra himself being skilled in both languages.[15] Ezra was living in Babylon when in the seventh year of Artaxerxes I, rex of Persia (c. 457 BCE), the male monarch sent him to Jerusalem to teach the laws of God to any who did not know them. Ezra led a big body of exiles dorsum to Jerusalem, where he discovered that Jewish men had been marrying non-Jewish women. He tore his garments in despair and confessed the sins of Israel before God, then braved the opposition of some of his own countrymen to purify the customs by enforcing the dissolution of the sinful marriages. Some years later Artaxerxes sent Nehemiah (a Jewish noble in his personal service) to Jerusalem every bit governor with the task of rebuilding the urban center walls. One time this chore was completed Nehemiah had Ezra read the Police of Moses (the Torah) to the assembled Israelites, and the people and priests entered into a covenant to keep the law and separate themselves from all other peoples.

In later Second Temple menstruation literature [edit]

1 Esdras [edit]

1 Esdras, probably from the tardily 2nd/early 1st centuries BCE, preserves a Greek text of Ezra and a office of Nehemiah distinctly dissimilar from that of Ezra–Nehemiah – in particular it eliminates Nehemiah from the story and gives some of his deeds to Ezra, likewise every bit telling events in a dissimilar guild. Scholars are divided on whether it is based on Ezra–Nehemiah, or reflects an earlier literary stage before the combination of Ezra and Nehemiah accounts.

Josephus [edit]

The beginning-century Jewish historian Josephus deals with Ezra in his Antiquities of the Jews. He uses the name Xerxes for Artaxerxes I reserving the proper name Artaxerxes for the later Artaxerxes 2 whom he identifies as the Ahasuerus of Esther, thus placing Ezra before the events of the book of Esther. Josephus'southward business relationship of the deeds of Ezra derives entirely from ane Esdras, which he cites every bit the 'Volume of Ezra' in his numeration of the Hebrew bible. Contrariwise, Josephus does not appear to recognise Ezra-Nehemiah as a biblical book, does not quote from it, and relies entirely on other traditions in his account of the deeds of Nehemiah.

The apocalyptic Ezra traditions [edit]

The apocalyptic fourth book of Ezra (also sometimes called the '2nd volume of Esdras' or the 'tertiary book of Esdras') was written c. CE 100, probably in Hebrew-Aramaic, simply at present survives in Latin, Slavonic and Ethiopic. In this book, Ezra has a 7 part prophetic revelation, converses with an angel of God three times and has four visions. Ezra, thirty years into the Babylonian Exile (iv Ezra 3:1 / ii Esdras 1:ane), recounts the siege of Jerusalem and the destruction of Solomon's Temple.[9] The central theological themes are "the question of theodicy, God'southward justness in the face of the triumph of the heathens over the pious, the course of world history in terms of the education of the four kingdoms,[xvi] the function of the police, the eschatological judgment, the appearance on Globe of the heavenly Jerusalem, the Messianic Period, at the end of which the Messiah will die,[17] the cease of this world and the coming of the next, and the Last Judgment."[9] Ezra restores the police that was destroyed with the burning of the Temple in Jerusalem. He dictates 24 books for the public (i.e. the Hebrew Bible) and another 70 for the wise alone (70 unnamed revelatory works).[18] At the finish, he is taken upward to heaven similar Enoch and Elijah.[9] Ezra is seen equally a new Moses in this book.[ix]

There is also another work, idea to be influenced by this one, known as the Greek Apocalypse of Ezra.

In rabbinic literature [edit]

Traditionally Judaism credits Ezra with establishing the Corking Assembly of scholars and prophets, the forerunner of the Sanhedrin, as the authority on matters of religious law. The Bully Assembly is credited with establishing numerous features of contemporary traditional Judaism in something like their present form, including Torah reading, the Amidah, and celebration of the feast of Purim.[vi]

In Rabbinic traditions, Ezra is metaphorically referred to as the "flowers that announced on the earth" signifying the springtime in the national history of Judaism[ citation needed ]. A disciple of Baruch ben Neriah, he favored study of the Law over the reconstruction of the Temple[ commendation needed ] and thus considering of his studies, he did not join the get-go party returning to Jerusalem in the reign of Cyrus. According to another opinion, he did not bring together the first party and then as not to compete, even involuntarily, with Jeshua ben Jozadak for the office of chief priest.[6]

According to Jewish tradition, Ezra was the author of the Books of Chronicles,[6] [nineteen] and is the same prophet known also as Malachi.[xx] At that place is a slight controversy within rabbinic sources as to whether or not Ezra had served every bit Kohen Gadol.[21]

According to the Babylonian Talmud, Ezra the scribe is said to have enacted ten continuing laws and orders,[22] which are as follows: 1) That the public come together to read from the scroll of the Police on Sabbath days during the time of the afternoon oblation (Minchah), because of those travelling merchants who loiter in the airtight shops in the street corners, and who may take missed the biblical lections that were read during the weekdays;[23] ii) that the courts be opened throughout the Jewish townships on Mondays and Thursdays; iii) that women do not wait beyond Thursday to wash their clothes, because of the honor due to the Sabbath twenty-four hours; 4) that men would accustom themselves to eat [cooked] garlic on the eve of the Sabbath (believed to enhance love betwixt a man and his wife); five) that women would rise up early on Friday mornings to bake breadstuff, so that a piece of staff of life will be bachelor for the poor; 6) that Jewish women in every place exist girded with a broad belt (waist band), whether from the front or from behind, out of modesty; 7) that Jewish women, during their menses, wash and comb their pilus three days prior to their purification in a ritual bath; 8) that the travelling merchants make regular rounds into the Jewish townships because of the honor due to the daughters of State of israel; 9) that Jewish women and/or girls, as a precautionary measure, be accepted to conversing with one another while one of their party goes out to relieve herself in the outhouse; 10) that men who may have suffered a seminal emission (especially afterward accompanying with their wives) exist required to immerse themselves in a ritual bath before being permitted to read from the whorl of the Law.

In the Syrian village of Tedef, a synagogue said to be the place where Ezra stopped over has been venerated by Jews for centuries. Some other tradition locates his tomb near Basra, Iraq.

In Christian traditions [edit]

Early Christian writers occasionally cited Ezra as author of the apocalyptic books attributed to him. Clement of Alexandria in his Stromata referred to Ezra equally an example of prophetic inspiration, quoting a section from two Esdras. Where early on Christian writers refer to the 'Book of Ezra' it is ever the text of one Esdras that is being cited. No early Christian author cites the Book of Ezra as a record of the deeds of Ezra.[24]

In Islam [edit]

In Islam, he is known every bit Uzer (Arabic: عزير, romanized: 'uzer ). He was mentioned in the Qur'an. Although he was not mentioned as i of the Prophets of Islam, he is considered one of them by some Muslim scholars, based on Islamic traditions.[25] [26] His tomb at Al-ʻUzer on the banks of the Tigris near Basra, Republic of iraq, is a pilgrimage site for the local Marsh Arabs.[27] [28] Many Islamic scholars and modern Western academics practice non view Uzer as "Ezra"; for case, Professor Gordon Darnell Newby associates Uzer with Enoch and Metatron.

Academic view [edit]

Timeline [edit]

Scholars are divided over the chronological sequence of the activities of Ezra and Nehemiah. Ezra came to Jerusalem "in the seventh yr of Artaxerxes the King".[29] The text does not specify whether the king in the passage refers to Artaxerxes I (465–424 BCE) or to Artaxerxes II (404–359 BCE).[30] [31] Nearly scholars concur that Ezra lived during the dominion of Artaxerxes I, though some have difficulties with this assumption:[ten] Nehemiah and Ezra "seem to have no knowledge of each other; their missions practise not overlap", withal, in Nehemiah 12, both are leading processions on the wall as function of the wall dedication ceremony. And then, they clearly were contemporaries working together in Jerusalem at the fourth dimension the wall and the metropolis of Jerusalem was rebuilt in contrast to the previously stated viewpoint.;."[32] These difficulties have led many scholars to assume that Ezra arrived in the seventh yr of the dominion of Artaxerxes 2, i.e. some 50 years after Nehemiah. This assumption would imply that the biblical account is not chronological. The last group of scholars regard "the 7th year" equally a scribal error and hold that the 2 men were contemporaries.[ten] [33]

Historicity [edit]

Mary Joan Winn Leith in The Oxford History of the Biblical World believes that Ezra was a historical figure whose life was enhanced in the scripture and given a theological buildup.[34] Gosta W. Ahlstrom argues the inconsistencies of the biblical tradition are insufficient to say that Ezra, with his central position as the 'father of Judaism' in the Jewish tradition, has been a later literary invention.[35] Those who argue against the historicity of Ezra fence that the presentation style of Ezra as a leader and lawgiver resembles that of Moses. In that location are also similarities between Ezra the priest-scribe (but not loftier priest) and Nehemiah the secular governor on the one hand and Joshua and Zerubbabel on the other mitt. The early 2nd-century BCE Jewish author Ben Sira praises Nehemiah, simply makes no mention of Ezra.[34]

Richard Friedman argues in his book Who Wrote the Bible? that Ezra is the one who redacted the Torah, and in fact finer produced the first Torah.[36] Information technology has been argued that fifty-fifty if one does non accept the documentary hypothesis, Ezra was instrumental in the beginning of the process of bringing the Torah together.[37]

Run into also [edit]

  • Esdras – about the classification of the books ascribed to Ezra
  • Ezra (name)
  • Volume of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah – the non-rabbinical tradition
  • Ezra–Nehemiah – the combination of the in a higher place two books
  • i Esdras and 2 Esdras – the Greek version of the texts (Meir)

References [edit]

  1. ^ "[God] helps" – Emil M. Hirsch, Isaac Broydé, "Ezra the Scribe", The Jewish Encyclopedia (Online)
  2. ^ Ezra seven:1 In Ezra he is described as the son of Seraiah,
  3. ^ two Kings 25:18
  4. ^ Ezra 3:2
  5. ^ Ezra 7–10 and Neh 8
  6. ^ a b c d Emil Chiliad. Hirsch, Isaac Broydé, "Ezra the Scribe", Jewish Encyclopedia (Online)
  7. ^ Tawil, Hayim & Schneider, Bernard 2010, Crown of Aleppo: The Mystery of the Oldest Hebrew Bible Codex, Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society 2010, p. 63 ISBN 9780827608955; Laniado, David, Li-Qedošim ašer ba-areṣ, Jerusalem 1980, p. 26 (Hebrew); Frenkel, Miriam, article: Atare pulḥan yehudiyyim be-ḥalab bi-yme ha-benayim ha-tikhoniyyim, published in: Harel (הראל‎), Yaron, Assis, Yom Ṭov & Frenkel, Miriam (eds.), Ereṣ u-mlo'ah: meḥqarim be-toledot qehillat aram ṣova (ḥalab) ve-tarbutah, vol. I, Ben-Zvi Found: Jerusalem 2009, pp. 174–75 (Hebrew); Khatib, Muḥammad Zuhair, Rabṭ al-Sabāba al-yamanī.
  8. ^ Ezra 8.2–14
  9. ^ a b c d eastward Liwak, Rüdiger; Schwemer, Anna Maria. "Ezra". Brill's New Pauly.
  10. ^ a b c d "Ezra". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
  11. ^ Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn, A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations, Cambridge Academy Press, p. 398
  12. ^ The New Encyclopedia of Judaism, "Ezra"
  13. ^ Hugh G. Thousand. Williamson, Ezra, Nehemiah, Give-and-take Biblical Commentary Vol. 16 (Dallas:Discussion, 1985), pp. xxi–lii.
  14. ^ Bogaert, Pierre-Maurice (2000). "Les livres d'Esdras et leur numérotation dans l'histoire du catechism de la Bible latin". Revue Bénédictine. 110 (1–2): 5–26. doi:x.1484/J.RB.5.100750.
  15. ^ James H. Charlesworth – "Announcing a Dead Sea Scrolls Fragment of Nehemiah" – The Found for Judaism and Christian Origins – Retrieved xx Baronial 2011.
  16. ^ Daniel 2:1, Daniel 7:1, Daniel 8:1
  17. ^ "4 Ezra OR 2 Esdras, from The holy Bible, King James version (Apocrypha)". Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  18. ^ Howard H. Cox, The Pentateuch: History Or Story?, p. 101
  19. ^ Babylonian Talmud (Baba Bathra 15a)
  20. ^ Introduction to the Aramaic Targum of Yonathan ben Uzziel on the Prophet Malachi (Small Prophets); Yehoshua b. Ḳarḥa (Megillah 15a) .
  21. ^ HaQoton, Reb Chaim "Was Ezra a High Priest" also printed in the Jewish Bible Quarterly (July 2013); see also [1]
  22. ^ Babylonian Talmud (Baba Kama 82a); Jerusalem Talmud (Megillah 29a-b)
  23. ^ Maimonides, Mishne Torah (Hilchot Tefillah 12:ane)
  24. ^ The Apocryphal Apocalypse: the reception of the 2nd book of Esdras Alastair Hamilton – 1999 p. 22 "that were function of the catechism.13 Although Cloudless of Alexandria, who was writing in the late second and early 3rd century, showed more interest in 1 Esdras, he cited ii Esdras in his Stromata, referring to Esdras every bit an example of prophetic inspiration..."
  25. ^ Merely the Qur'an 9:xxx quotes Jews as maxim that he is the "son of God" Ashraf, Shahid (2005). "Prophets 'Uzair, Zakariya and Yahya". Encyclopaedia of Holy Prophet and Companions. Daryaganj, New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 199–200. ISBN978-81-261-1940-0.
  26. ^ Ibn Kathir. "'Uzair (Ezra)". Stories of the Quran. Ali Every bit-Sayed Al-Halawani (trans). Islambasics.com. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
  27. ^ "MEMRI". MEMRI.
  28. ^ "Ezra's Tomb". Archived from the original on two April 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  29. ^ Ezra vii:7
  30. ^ Porter, J.R. (2000). The Illustrated Guide to the Bible. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. pp. 115–16. ISBN978-0-7607-2278-vii.
  31. ^ The dates of Nehemiah'southward and Ezra's respective missions, and their chronological relation to each other, are uncertain, because each mission is dated solely by a regnal year of an Achaemenian King Artaxerxes; and in either case we do non know for certain whether the Artaxerxes in question is Artaxerxes I (465–424 BCE) or Artaxerxes II (404–359 BCE). Then nosotros practice not know whether the date of Ezra'southward mission was 458 BCE or 397 BCE' Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, vol. 12 (1961) Oxford University Press, 1964 pp. 484–85 n.ii
  32. ^ Winn Leith, Mary Joan (2001) [1998]. "State of israel among the Nations: The Western farsi Period". In Michael David Coogan (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford; New York: Oxford Academy Press. p. 281. ISBN978-0-nineteen-513937-2. LCCN 98016042. OCLC 44650958.
  33. ^ John Boederman, The Cambridge Aboriginal History, 2002, p. 272
  34. ^ a b Winn Leith, Mary Joan (2001) [1998]. "State of israel amidst the Nations: The Persian Period". In Michael David Coogan (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical Earth. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 306. ISBN978-0-nineteen-513937-ii. LCCN 98016042. OCLC 44650958.
  35. ^ Gosta W. Ahlstrom, The History of Ancient Palestine, Fortress Printing, p. 888
  36. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman (1987). Who Wrote the Bible?. Perennial Library. pp. 232, 242. ISBN978-0-06-097214-ane.
  37. ^ Fantalkin, Alexander; Tal, Oren (2012). "The Canonization of the Pentateuch: When and Why? (Part I)" (PDF). Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 124 (1): 4. doi:ten.1515/zaw-2012-0001. ISSN 1613-0103. S2CID 55036539.

Further reading [edit]

  • Bossman, D. (1979). "Ezra's Matrimony Reform: Israel Redefined". Biblical Theology Message. 9: 32–38. doi:10.1177/014610797900900105. S2CID 170816144.
  • Brilliant, John (1981). A history of Israel (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Westminster Press. ISBN978-0-664-21381-seven.
  • Fensham, F. Charles (1983). The books of Ezra and Nehemiah. Grand Rapids, MI: Westward.B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN978-0-8028-2362-five.
  • LaSor, William Sanford; Hubbard, David Allan; Bush, Frederick William (1982). Sometime Attestation survey . Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. ISBN978-0-8028-3556-7.
  • Williamson, H.G.M. (1987). Ezra and Nehemiah. Sheffield: JSOT for the Society for Old Testament Study. ISBN978-1-85075-045-ane.

External links [edit]

  • Jewish Encyclopedia: Ezra the Scribe
  • Catholic Encyclopedia: Esdras
  • "Ezra". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

swansonsheand.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra

0 Response to "Born Again a Novel of Jerusalems Restoration Issn"

Mag-post ng isang Komento

Mag-subscribe sa: I-post ang Mga Komento (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel